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In Afghanistan's Turkmen Rug Areas, it's Globalization vs. Tradition.
Tea and Carpets Blog
Thursday, August 14th, 2008
ANDKHOY, Afghanistan; August 1, 2008 -- Twice a week the men whose wives and
daughters weave the traditional red rugs of Central Asia come to this town in northern
Afghanistan to sell their work.
The carpet bazaar is a rectangular courtyard with a two-floor gallery of traders’ stalls on
every side, and the men approach it with trepidation. Many of the men have dropped in as
onlookers on the previous market day to learn what they can about the going prices. Now,
accompanied by friends for support, they file into the bazaar and line the sides with their
bundled rugs.
When the traders come by, the bargaining begins. First, the carpet is spread face-down
on the dusty ground. The uncut top is of no interest; it is only the back the trader wants to
see. He inspects for knot density and evenness of weave. He folds the edges to see if they
meet in the middle. And he looks for evenness of tension by carefully measuring the
length and width at various points. And all the time he is checking for flaws.
Then he makes an offer: $75. The seller, who wants $120 won’t hear of it. Slowly the
offer creeps up to $85 and onlookers begin to exhort the seller to agree. The trader tries to
grab the seller’s hand and pump it to show there is a deal. A third person joins the
negotiations, probably an agent of the trader, and pretends to be a fair-minded broker.
But still the seller refuses until, finally, the meeting breaks up. No deal. The seller will try
several more traders before he chooses between accepting what seems to be today’s
price or coming back another day. He knows that on Mondays and Thursday, so long as
this is Andkhoy, the traders will be here.
Andkhoy’s bazaar is described in fascinating detail in a report prepared for the World
Bank. The authors, Adam Pain and Moharram Ali of the Afghanistan Research and
Evaluation Unit surveyed the town’s carpet business over the years 2001 to 2003. Their
work offers a look into a world of sellers and buyers that few Westerners ever see as the
famous red rugs of Afghanistan begin their journey to the outside world.
The men who come to the market are heads of Turkmen households that produce
carpets on an independent basis. These families have the financial means to purchase
wool on credit and usually have at least one other source of income such as land or
livestock. They are the most successful producers because when they sell their carpet,
they keep the full selling price.
How much can these independent weavers earn? The profit depends a great deal on
the quality of wool they are able to buy. If they weave with low-quality wool from Pakistan,
Pain and Ali calculate (in 2003) that they will earn about $25 per square meter from a
traditional red rug that sells in the United Kingdom for $250 per square meter.
But if they weave what is known locally as a ‘Biljeek,’ that is a rug woven with finer wool
imported from Belgium, they can earn $58 dollars per square meter on a red rug that sells
retail for $429 per square meter.
Pain and Ali estimate that about 10 to 20 percent of the weavers in the Andkhoy area
are independent. The rest work under entirely different arrangements and, in fact, never
come to the bazaar to sell at all. Instead, they work under profit sharing or wage-labor
contracts.
A minority of the contract weavers --like the independents -- still produce the Turkmens'
traditional repeating ‘gul’ designs or more recent varities of red rugs such as Khal
Muhammadi or Mauri. Exporters’ agents provide them the wool and the dimensions and
the weavers get 50 percent of the rug’s local market value. But today the majority of local
weavers (the researchers estimate 50 to 70 percent) produce carpets that have no local
roots at all. Agents give them some $35 square meter (for a carpet that retails for $549 per
square meter) and wool from the Mideast to produce Chobis that have a modified Indo-
Persian design.
The Chobis -- which ironically use natural dyes while the ‘traditional’ local designs use
chemical dyes - strongly resemble the commercially successful Zieglers produced in
northern Persia by Western firms in the early 1900s. Pain and Ali say that Chobi
production, which originated in the Afghan refugee camps around Peshawar, came to
Andkhoy as the refugees – both Turkmens and Uzbeks -- returned home.
The contract-labor terms pay as well or better than profit sharing and minimize the
weavers’ risk. That makes it attractive to poor weavers even though the agents commonly
reduce the final wage payment if they find the slightest flaws. Now, as carpet production in
northern Afghanistan keeps expanding, the number of contracted weavers keeps growing.
Pain and Ali note that there are clear economic benefits as the contract weaving joins
sharecropping and agricultural labor as the mainstays of people too poor to own land or
livestock.
But the authors also sound a warning.
They observe that the happiest position for artisans is when retail customers recognize
their work as the expression of a unique artistic heritage and willingly pay more for it than
they do for generic goods.
However, if generic weavings become what Afghanistan is best known for, they say,
"there is little hope at present that Afghanistan’s carpets will be able to achieve that
position."
Tea and Carpets Blog
Thursday, August 14th, 2008
ANDKHOY, Afghanistan; August 1, 2008 -- Twice a week the men whose wives and
daughters weave the traditional red rugs of Central Asia come to this town in northern
Afghanistan to sell their work.
The carpet bazaar is a rectangular courtyard with a two-floor gallery of traders’ stalls on
every side, and the men approach it with trepidation. Many of the men have dropped in as
onlookers on the previous market day to learn what they can about the going prices. Now,
accompanied by friends for support, they file into the bazaar and line the sides with their
bundled rugs.
When the traders come by, the bargaining begins. First, the carpet is spread face-down
on the dusty ground. The uncut top is of no interest; it is only the back the trader wants to
see. He inspects for knot density and evenness of weave. He folds the edges to see if they
meet in the middle. And he looks for evenness of tension by carefully measuring the
length and width at various points. And all the time he is checking for flaws.
Then he makes an offer: $75. The seller, who wants $120 won’t hear of it. Slowly the
offer creeps up to $85 and onlookers begin to exhort the seller to agree. The trader tries to
grab the seller’s hand and pump it to show there is a deal. A third person joins the
negotiations, probably an agent of the trader, and pretends to be a fair-minded broker.
But still the seller refuses until, finally, the meeting breaks up. No deal. The seller will try
several more traders before he chooses between accepting what seems to be today’s
price or coming back another day. He knows that on Mondays and Thursday, so long as
this is Andkhoy, the traders will be here.
Andkhoy’s bazaar is described in fascinating detail in a report prepared for the World
Bank. The authors, Adam Pain and Moharram Ali of the Afghanistan Research and
Evaluation Unit surveyed the town’s carpet business over the years 2001 to 2003. Their
work offers a look into a world of sellers and buyers that few Westerners ever see as the
famous red rugs of Afghanistan begin their journey to the outside world.
The men who come to the market are heads of Turkmen households that produce
carpets on an independent basis. These families have the financial means to purchase
wool on credit and usually have at least one other source of income such as land or
livestock. They are the most successful producers because when they sell their carpet,
they keep the full selling price.
How much can these independent weavers earn? The profit depends a great deal on
the quality of wool they are able to buy. If they weave with low-quality wool from Pakistan,
Pain and Ali calculate (in 2003) that they will earn about $25 per square meter from a
traditional red rug that sells in the United Kingdom for $250 per square meter.
But if they weave what is known locally as a ‘Biljeek,’ that is a rug woven with finer wool
imported from Belgium, they can earn $58 dollars per square meter on a red rug that sells
retail for $429 per square meter.
Pain and Ali estimate that about 10 to 20 percent of the weavers in the Andkhoy area
are independent. The rest work under entirely different arrangements and, in fact, never
come to the bazaar to sell at all. Instead, they work under profit sharing or wage-labor
contracts.
A minority of the contract weavers --like the independents -- still produce the Turkmens'
traditional repeating ‘gul’ designs or more recent varities of red rugs such as Khal
Muhammadi or Mauri. Exporters’ agents provide them the wool and the dimensions and
the weavers get 50 percent of the rug’s local market value. But today the majority of local
weavers (the researchers estimate 50 to 70 percent) produce carpets that have no local
roots at all. Agents give them some $35 square meter (for a carpet that retails for $549 per
square meter) and wool from the Mideast to produce Chobis that have a modified Indo-
Persian design.
The Chobis -- which ironically use natural dyes while the ‘traditional’ local designs use
chemical dyes - strongly resemble the commercially successful Zieglers produced in
northern Persia by Western firms in the early 1900s. Pain and Ali say that Chobi
production, which originated in the Afghan refugee camps around Peshawar, came to
Andkhoy as the refugees – both Turkmens and Uzbeks -- returned home.
The contract-labor terms pay as well or better than profit sharing and minimize the
weavers’ risk. That makes it attractive to poor weavers even though the agents commonly
reduce the final wage payment if they find the slightest flaws. Now, as carpet production in
northern Afghanistan keeps expanding, the number of contracted weavers keeps growing.
Pain and Ali note that there are clear economic benefits as the contract weaving joins
sharecropping and agricultural labor as the mainstays of people too poor to own land or
livestock.
But the authors also sound a warning.
They observe that the happiest position for artisans is when retail customers recognize
their work as the expression of a unique artistic heritage and willingly pay more for it than
they do for generic goods.
However, if generic weavings become what Afghanistan is best known for, they say,
"there is little hope at present that Afghanistan’s carpets will be able to achieve that
position."
